Terpene Phenolic Resin: Commentary on Development, Application, and Future
Historical Development
The story of terpene phenolic resin winds through over a century of chemical innovation. Early chemists, trying to improve adhesives and coatings, tinkered with derivatives of pine tree resins, mixing them first with natural phenols. By the mid-1900s, commercial processes for combining terpenes and phenol-based compounds delivered products that vastly improved tire tack, rubber bonding, and printing inks. This wasn’t just idle curiosity. Industry searched for stability under heat, better aging properties, and sources that broke from petroleum dependence. I’ve seen how older glues, loaded with pure rosin, yellowed and became brittle—terpene phenolic resin offered a way out. It continues to ride that renewable wave, especially as demand for plant-based chemicals climbs.
Product Overview
Terpene phenolic resins combine monoterpenes from gum turpentine or d-limonene with phenolic components, often through acid-catalyzed reactions. These compounds set the standard in tackifiers, boosting the stick and cohesion of rubber, adhesives, and sometimes road-marking paints. Many users praise them for their clear color and lasting bond—a factor that stands out, especially in rubber processing. You’ll find these resins are sold as free-flowing granules, amber lumps, or even solutions, depending on what the application calls for. The go-to brands use marketing lingo to distinguish grades: “TPR-102”, “TERPHENOL”, and even specific product numbers that speak more to formulation tweaks than any leap in performance characteristics.
Physical & Chemical Properties
Terpene phenolic resin balances a few variables: softening point, molecular weight, color, and acid value all matter to end users. Standard data sheets list softening points in the 80–140°C range and molecular weights usually come in between 500 and 700. Appearance varies—a glassy amber look is common, with a faint pine scent. They're insoluble in water, but dissolve in most organic solvents, especially aromatic hydrocarbons and esters. Moderate hydroxyl content explains their compatibility with alkyd polymers and nitrile rubbers. The backbone comes from the phenol–formaldehyde type chains with terpene ‘branches’ modifying flexibility and adhesion. Those structural tweaks deal with much of the aging resistance and anti-yellowing performance. I’ve handled both the powder and bead forms; once you blend them with oil-based binders, the clarity and color stability set them apart from straight rosin or hydrocarbon resins.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Manufacturers detail softening points using ring-and-ball methods, and acid values using titration techniques. Each batch must pass a color check (Gardner scale), solubility test, and volatility limit. Technical sheets include CAS and EC numbers to help with regulatory paperwork. Most terpenic phenolics don’t hit the thresholds for hazardous labeling under GHS guidelines, but every sack carries standard workplace labeling—product identifiers, handling precautions, supplier contacts. Even in a production plant, these details keep traceability and reactivity checks straightforward. Customers should push for COA reports with every delivery to spot shifts in melt point or color, as these changes mean trouble in final compounding.
Preparation Method
The main process blends terpene feedstock with phenol, running the reaction in a solvent-free system under acid catalysis. Careful pressure and temperature controls make all the difference. After a set time, water and light by-products get distilled away. Any unreacted volatiles are stripped with steam—otherwise, final resins smell harsh or discolor under heat. Research teams constantly tweak ratios and catalysts to produce specific grades with higher or lower softening points, or more pronounced tack. I remember trial batches fouling reactors if temperature went off just by 10°C—there’s not much margin for error. Most plants run continuous operations, since batch-wise risk incomplete reaction or inconsistent physical form.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Base resin forms by electrophilic addition, linking terpenes’ double bonds to active phenolic rings. Secondary modifications involve esterification, hydrogenation, or amidation. These steps shift solubility and compatibility, or reduce residual unsaturation for improved color. Blending with other phenolic or hydrocarbon resins expands the utility: for instance, pairing a terpene base with a coumarone-indene resin boosts heat resistance but maintains bond strength. Chemists value the flexibility here. It’s possible to run side reactions for specific end uses. Epoxy modification, for example, enables better performance in high-end coatings—I’ve seen R&D bench teams chase down these side routes to suit electronics encapsulation and even specialty rubber adhesives.
Synonyms & Product Names
Industry throws around names like “terpene–phenol resin”, “phenolic-terpene resin”, or branded codes tied to manufacturers. “TERPHENOL” comes up a lot. As with many specialty chemicals, stock numbers often matter more to buyers than generic names—TPK-100, TPR-300, or “rubber-grade terpene-phenolic” help distinguish small tweaks in softness or acid number but sometimes confuse new buyers. Some technical literature calls them “hydrocarbon-modified phenolic resins”, although that stretches the truth. Most regulatory systems rely on CAS: 68648-44-2 or related codes. It pays to double-check against supplier SDS and COA, since mix-ups sometimes land the wrong resin grade in a shipment of pressure-sensitive adhesives.
Safety & Operational Standards
Safety for handling terpene phenolic resin stays straightforward. Dust inhalation from powder forms remains the main workplace issue, since fine dust can trigger respiratory irritation or, in rare cases, skin rash. Heated resins emit vapors that may irritate eyes and the upper respiratory tract, so standard PPE like gloves and goggles, plus local exhaust ventilation, keep things safe. No evidence has turned up linking standard processing temps with acute toxicity. Fire risk rates moderate, as resins ignite at high temperatures but don’t spread flame fast. I’ve seen factory audits call out poor storage practices—open bags clump up or absorb water, which affects mix quality and increases waste. Training and keeping resins in sealed containers solves most day-to-day problems.
Application Area
Major use dominates adhesives for shoes, packaging, and pressure-sensitive tapes. Rubber industries depend on their ability to improve green tack in tire production—boosting production efficiency and reducing scrap rates. Printing ink makers pick terpenic phenolics because they color less than other resins and resist yellowing under UV exposure. Demand trails into wax blends, chewing gum bases, sealing compounds, and sometimes varnishes and road paint. New uses keep emerging—medical devices now look at resin blends for wound dressings that need clean, sustained stickiness without skin irritation. High-clarity resin solutions even crop up in electronics for circuit potting and encapsulation.
Research & Development
Research teams focus on controlling polymer architecture for greater selectivity. Chain length, substitution pattern, and end-group modifications mean a lot when chasing adhesive performance or regulatory requirements on materials in contact with food. Ongoing projects look at “green” variants from fully renewable sources and milder reaction conditions. I’ve seen patent wars erupt for obscure catalytic tweaks or blending methods that claim a five percent boost in tack or reduce curing temperatures. Universities team up with manufacturers to improve scale-up and develop more stable color grades. Customers’ demands for low-odor and migration-free resins push both incremental improvements and real leaps—instrumental analysis, like IR and GPC, now offer deeper insights into product behavior.
Toxicity Research
Most standard testing says terpene phenolic resin presents low acute and chronic toxicity. Lab animal tests, including skin and eye irritation, reveal mild risks but nothing above nuisance levels for workers. Environmental studies show these resins break down slowly outside industrial composting, but their main components aren’t flagged as persistent organic pollutants. Government oversight falls under broader categories for polymers, so the onus stays on manufacturers to submit updated research—especially as end-uses expand into food packaging and consumer products. I’ve sat in on product stewardship meetings that wrestle with trace phenol or terpene impurities; though newer processes cut such levels below detection, nobody wants regulatory surprises.
Future Prospects
Terpene phenolic resin holds promise in tomorrow’s adhesives, biocomposites, and specialty coatings. Automotive companies seek out “greener” tackifiers with lower VOC footprints, while electronics firms demand ultra-clear grades for next-generation displays and sensors. Manufacturing lines benefit from evolution in process safety, lower operating temperatures, and precision tailoring of functional groups in the resin backbone. Work on bioengineered feedstocks may bring even tougher, lighter, or more sustainable products—something buyers want as carbon reporting requirements tighten. Investment in high-throughput screening and recycled terpene streams might further cut costs and reliance on virgin raw materials. Industry veterans keep an eye on regulatory trends: tougher scrutiny for food contact, limits on extractables, and life-cycle analysis round out the big picture. As markets keep shifting, the resin’s hybrid nature—a bridge between old-world chemistry and new-world sustainability—sparks new applications no one predicted even a decade ago.
What Gets Built With Terpene Phenolic Resin
Walking through a hardware store, you can pick up plenty of products relying on terpene phenolic resin for their performance. This resin forms part of many adhesives, tapes, paints, and inks that most of us deal with in daily life. It shows up in shoe soles, tire rubber, and even chewing gum. The reason for this broad reach lies in its sticky nature and how it strengthens other materials.
I remember helping replace some floor tiles in an old kitchen once. We used adhesive with terpene phenolic resin. The tiles gripped the subfloor and never budged, even after year after year of busy family life and mopping. This stuff just works where things need to stick and stay stuck.
Why Manufacturers Pay Attention
A lot of companies prefer terpene phenolic resin thanks to its reliable bonding with both natural and synthetic rubbers. Industries trust it to help make car tires flexible yet tough. It keeps printing inks sticking to packaging and labels, helping ensure colors don’t rub off too easily. Almost anyone who has picked at the sticky side of packing tape has felt the effect it brings.
Its chemical makeup gives it resistance to heat and oxidation, which means it doesn’t break down easily under tough conditions. A tire running down a freeway, packing tape holding a heavy box—these real-world pressures call for something with grit. Brands testing their products for durability often compare performance with and without this resin. Results show it raises standards across the board.
Environmental Impact and Choices
Making and using terpene phenolic resin carries a footprint. It often starts as a byproduct of pine resin or turpentine processing. Compared to petroleum-derived chemicals, this offers a nod toward renewability, but large-scale harvesting and manufacturing still raise questions about waste and emissions.
Sitting down with some old friends who run a packaging business, the conversation turned to green practices. They said sourcing adhesives with terpene phenolic resin helped them market their boxes as more eco-friendly. Still, some suppliers mix it with synthetic ingredients, and true biodegradability depends on the full recipe. A review by the Journal of Cleaner Production found that latching onto greener ingredients can only go so far if the final goods still take decades to break down.
Where Solutions Develop
For companies and consumers looking for ways to tread lighter, transparency seems key. If you know where the resin comes from and how it’s used, you can choose products that match your values. I’ve noticed more brands listing their adhesives’ contents or offering certifications. Asking questions — whether in stores or directly to suppliers — keeps pressure on the industry to keep improving.
Some research teams explore plant-based chemical alternatives that use less energy or eliminate concerning additives altogether. Progress takes time, but sharing data and setting clear goals helps everyone move in the right direction. If you ever built something or fixed a favorite pair of shoes thanks to materials using terpene phenolic resin, you’ve touched the benefits and the questions it brings.
The Concerns Behind the Compound
Terpene phenolic resin sounds a little intimidating if you don’t spend your days in a chemistry lab. You’ll find it in adhesives, inks, rubber, and coatings, with people in the packaging industry working closely with it. Anyone who pays attention to what touches their food will wonder: is it safe?
How It Ends Up Near Our Food
Manufacturers use this resin because it brings a sticky, durable quality. Think about that little line of glue holding a tea bag, or the coating on food wrappers that keep oils from soaking through paper. Terpene phenolic resin stands up to high temperatures, resists moisture, and doesn’t fall apart under pressure. These are all traits packaging teams love to see.
What the Regulators Say
Food safety rules don’t give any material a free pass. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) keeps a close eye on anything touching food. For terpene phenolic resin, each component and its byproducts must hit strict migration limits—meaning only tiny traces, if any, can move into food. European regulators follow a similar approach. Their list of approved food contact substances changes regularly, based on new research. Sometimes a material wins approval only for specific uses—like dry food or room temperature conditions.
Getting on these approved lists is no cakewalk. Manufacturers must submit data about the resin, including how it’s made, how pure it is, how it behaves under heat, and whether small parts break off when in contact with food. Scientists then test the resin using real food or food simulants. Only after checking for toxicity, allergenicity, and environmental impact do officials give a green light.
The Risk Factors Weigh Heavily
A big risk comes from impurities or leftover chemicals after production, which could find their way into food. Terpene resins, made from natural sources like pine, still go through a lot of processing. Quality control gaps can lead to unwanted substances sticking around. If the industry gets sloppy, the resin could carry impurities linked to health problems down the line.
Basing Opinions on Experience
My own peace of mind comes down to documentation and transparency. Every time I read about food recalls, the root cause usually involves companies skirting around testing or hiding data. If everyone along the supply chain puts their cards on the table, consumers get the confidence they deserve. Third-party labs, surprise inspections, and public disclosure of risk assessments help stop corners from being cut.
A Path Forward for Trust and Safety
Big companies have shifted focus toward more transparent supply chains. They’re sharing audit results and supporting label clarity for consumers. If I had a say, I’d want every food-grade terpene phenolic resin batch backed by easily accessible documentation. This could include QR codes on packaging that lead straight to a clear, simple safety report.
Finding safer alternatives is smart, too. Plant-based adhesives and biodegradable coatings show promising results but need rigorous study. The science world should keep pushing regulators to re-evaluate older resins as new evidence comes to light. If nothing else, consumers deserve a say in what comes near their meals.
Food Contact Should Mean Zero Guesswork
Food safety takes work, constant checking, and honest reporting. Terpene phenolic resin, when produced cleanly and approved for its intended use, has a track record of doing its job without contaminating food. Still, transparency, updated testing, and exploring new materials all add to consumer trust. Until then, people stay safest by asking questions and seeking brands that value openness as much as profit.
What Makes Terpene Phenolic Resin Stand Out
Walking through a manufacturing plant, you spot pallets stacked with adhesives, inks, and rubber goods. Behind these products, terpene phenolic resin plays a crucial part. Folks often ask what separates this resin from others. It comes down to several real-world qualities that drive its popularity in plenty of industries.
Excellent Tack and Adhesion
Every craftsman, from flooring installers to packaging workers, wants materials that bond and stay put. Terpene phenolic resin offers natural stickiness—its tack. Stretching tape, you feel that instant grab. Rubber-based pressure sensitive adhesives get their grip from resins loaded with terpene units and phenolic groups. This high initial tack pairs well with strong holding power, ensuring packages stay sealed and labels don’t peel.
Compatibility with Polymers
Polymer compatibility can make or break a blend. Terpene phenolic resin works well with a wide range including natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and EVA. In practice, this means smoother mixing during production and fewer worries about layer separation or resin bleeding through coatings. Those handling compounding for inks or adhesives appreciate how this resin plays nicely with different bases, picking up the slack when other resins struggle.
High Softening Point and Thermal Stability
Factory floors often see tough conditions—high heat, fast-moving machinery, and daily temperature swings. A resin that softens too soon gives trouble. Terpene phenolic resin offers a high softening range, reducing the chance of sticky messes in hot weather or on high-speed lines. In rubber goods and hot-melt adhesives, a stable softening point means less downtime and a more predictable final product, even in summer heat.
Good Solubility and Processing Ease
Processing lines value speed and consistency. Terpene phenolic resin easily dissolves in common organic solvents like toluene and esters. This trait makes blending it into inks or adhesives much simpler. By dissolving fast, you avoid clumps and keep batch quality steady. For small family-run factories and large multinational plants alike, fewer clogs in pipes and fewer rejects from poorly mixed batches save money and improve output.
Light Color and Odor Control
End consumers notice appearance and scent. Sticky residues, yellowing, or strong smells turn buyers off. Many terpene phenolic resins bring a pale yellow or even water-white shade to the table. With low color, packaging tapes stay neat, and adhesives in art supplies or bookbinding don’t stain paper or fabric. Over the years, resin producers have tackled off odors too, using refined raw materials and better purification, keeping products more pleasant to handle.
Chemical Resistance and Durability
Workers in automotive or footwear production face solvents, oils, and cleaning agents every shift. Terpene phenolic resin helps adhesives resist these chemicals, standing up where other resins fail. I’ve seen shoe soles bonded with terpene phenolic resin outlast competitors, keeping work boots in use for an extra season or two. That resistance makes this resin a favorite for heavy-duty jobs, from weatherproof roofing membranes to gaskets and belts.
Sustainable Inputs and Market Adaptation
Public demand for greener, renewable products continues to grow. Terpene phenolic resin draws its raw material from natural turpentine, a byproduct of pine cultivation. This taps into resources that regenerate year after year. By relying less on fossil fuel feedstocks, the supply chain edges toward lower emissions and resource renewal. Some plant managers proudly share how switching to terpene resins helps their sustainability reports and attracts eco-focused customers, keeping them competitive in changing markets.
Understanding the Product
Terpene phenolic resin comes from a chemistry mix of natural terpenes and phenols, offering key traits like tackiness, adhesion, and solid compatibility. These characteristics drive its use across adhesives, rubber, and coatings. But such useful features create storage challenges. Left in the wrong environment, the resin’s quality drops. A few simple changes in storage practice keep this investment safe and performing as intended.
Temperature Matters
Heat proves unforgiving to resins. I’ve seen resin drums soften or even leak in a warehouse lacking proper ventilation during the summer. Beyond mild damage, high temperatures kick off premature softening or even advance chemical reactions inside the batch. This messes with melt points and can attract mold or yellowing. Cool, stable temperatures—ideally under 30°C—give the best chance for long shelf life. Warehouses with fans and shade or temperature control set the standard.
Moisture and Humidity
Water is the enemy here. Any excessive moisture around storage racks can seep through old packaging. Over time, the resin may clump. Batches exposed to repeated changes in humidity may lose their easy handling or form a skin. A friend once found that even small leaks near an exterior wall led to resin that spoiled after a rainy season. Keeping drums off the concrete, using pallets, and sealing packaging tightly closes out most risks.
Keep Away From Direct Sunlight
Sun rays do more than just warm a warehouse floor—they trigger slow but steady changes in resins. Ultraviolet exposure might sound like a “science problem,” but sunlight turns clear batches a sticky yellow-brown if left near windows. Once that color shift sets in, the batch no longer performs to standard. Even simple canvas covers or positioning the drums far from skylights and entryways avoids these headaches.
Avoid Contamination
No one likes surprise dust or foreign particles in raw materials. In my own work, overlooked open drums filled up with sawdust during a facility upgrade. Gloves, proper closures, and clear labeling keep out unknowns. If moving containers around, check seals and avoid using sharp tools near them. Only a small tear can compromise the resin and force an entire batch’s disposal.
Shelf Life and Labeling
Most manufacturers print expiry dates directly on the packaging. Overlooking these causes trouble at scale. People find old drums long after the recommended use date, and material wasted this way costs real money. Simple FIFO (first in, first out) practices make a difference. Good record-keeping—dates in big font, visible from shelving, and regular rotation—keeps everyone on the same page. A team member can glance at the storage area and know which inventory to use up first.
Personal Experience and Safety
Every product has quirks. Terpene phenolic resin rewards those who don’t cut corners. A facility near my area had to replace a big order after discovering mold growth in barrels that sat next to a loading dock. The loss could have been avoided with plastic wrap, raised pallets, and a short storage checklist. Gloves and masks, especially if dust develops or containers leak, protect workers.
A Few Simple Steps Go a Long Way
Stores that control climate, monitor humidity, shield from sun, and maintain airtight packaging rarely face product loss. Teams that get lazy or forget end up losing good resin. The effort needed for proper storage looks minor compared to the cost and hassle of spoilage or off-standard performance. Each person taking ownership keeps the resin, workplace, and bottom line healthy.
Real-World Resin Blending: What Happens When You Mix?
Anyone with experience in adhesives, coatings, or ink manufacturing knows that rarely does a single material answer every need. Factory floors keep the hum of mixers going, and a lot of the time, those mixers hold batches built from several resins. Terpene phenolic resin is one of those specialty ingredients that shows up to provide better tack, stickiness, or heat resistance. It comes from natural sources like turpentine, often paired with phenol, and is respected for its compatibility in diverse formulas. So, the question comes up: What happens if you try mixing it with other resins?
Where It Works: Rubber and Adhesive Production
Terpene phenolic varieties blend right into systems alongside hydrocarbon, rosin, or even pure phenolic resins on many production lines. Think about the pressure-sensitive tapes rolled out for the automotive or packaging industries. Getting the right tack and peel strength often means tweaking formulas using more than one resin type. From hands-on lab trials, pasting terpene phenolics with synthetic resins like C5 or C9 hydrocarbons can raise peel and shear strength without sacrificing application speed.
Rubber compounding stands out as a field where recipes evolve rapidly. Here, terpene phenolic resins boost adhesion between rubber and other surfaces, especially when working with steel cords in tires. Mixing with resorcinol or other formaldehyde-based resins gives the bonds a fighting chance against high temperatures and mechanical wear. Industry data shows such blends prolong tire life and improve fuel efficiency, outcomes which matter for anyone spending on car maintenance—business or personal.
Print, Paint, and Coating: Broadening Performance
In the printing world, ink makers crave flow control, brightness, and rub resistance. Here, adding terpene phenolic resin into alkyd or acrylic systems delivers more vibrant prints with less smearing. Years spent addressing customer complaints about print defects have shown that a measured approach to blending, based on technical specifications and pilot batches, works better than just following supplier guides.
Paints and varnishes reach different targets. Sometimes the goal is weather resistance on exterior decking. Sometimes it’s better gloss or scratch resistance on furniture. From shop-floor blending to small-batch prototyping, combining terpene phenolic with other backbone resins helps the final product stay tough and good-looking after long-term use. This blending also offers manufacturers a way to adapt to changes in feedstock prices or environmental regulations by “stretching” expensive specialty resins with cheaper or renewable alternatives.
Cautions and Solutions
Mixing can get tricky. Every batch has to reckon with the resin's molecular weight, softening point, and whether it “plays nice” in the chosen solvent or plasticizer. In my time developing rubber adhesives, I’ve seen cloudy mixtures or sudden drops in performance just because the team tried to unite two resins with mismatched chemical backbones. To sidestep these pitfalls, routine lab testing—like running differential scanning calorimetry or simple jar compatibility tests—can save thousands in wasted raw materials down the line.
Reaching out to experienced resin chemists or industry associations helps. Data sheets and case studies, such as those published in peer-reviewed adhesive journals, offer clues on successful blends. Keeping thorough documentation on test batches aids fast troubleshooting and helps repeat success when scaling up for commercial runs. The process rewards those willing to experiment with small, data-driven pilot mixes—not those following trends without proof. In all cases, health, safety, and environmental standards should guide selection, especially with formaldehyde-based blends facing tighter regulation in many countries.
Looking Ahead
The drive for greener chemistry hasn’t skipped the adhesives and coatings scene. Blending terpene phenolic resin with waterborne, biodegradable, or recycled-content resins looks promising. Waste is reduced, and performance can stay high with careful lab work. Ultimately, mixing terpene phenolic with other resins opens doors to new product performance, provided the process is backed by solid research and informed trial-and-error.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Poly(phenol-terpene) |
| Other names |
Terpene Resin
Terpene-Phenol Resin Terpene Phenol Resin TPR Terpene-Phenolic Resin |
| Pronunciation | /ˈtɜːrpiːn fəˈnɒlɪk ˈrɛzɪn/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 68648-57-7 |
| Beilstein Reference | 6379715 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:53452 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2106611 |
| DrugBank | |
| EC Number | 232-557-3 |
| Gmelin Reference | Gmelin 130918 |
| KEGG | C16772 |
| MeSH | D20.894.799.726.877.250 |
| PubChem CID | 16741340 |
| RTECS number | YD0870000 |
| UNII | 5XB8MX9AE1 |
| UN number | UN 3086 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (C5H8)n·(C6H6O)m |
| Molar mass | 300-1000 g/mol |
| Appearance | Light yellow to pale brown solid |
| Odor | Faint aromatic |
| Density | 1.05 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble in water |
| log P | 6.2 |
| Vapor pressure | Negligible |
| Acidity (pKa) | 10.0 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 8.94 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | Diamagnetic |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.553 |
| Viscosity | 2300-3600 mPa·s (at 25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 2.3–3.1 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 623.7 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS07 |
| Pictograms | GHS07,GHS09 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H315: Causes skin irritation. H319: Causes serious eye irritation. H335: May cause respiratory irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P261, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-1-0 |
| Flash point | 240°C |
| Autoignition temperature | > 450°C (842°F) |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): >5000 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL not established |
| REL (Recommended) | 120 – 140 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Polyterpene Resin
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Resin Rosin Ester Coumarone-Indene Resin |
